Keith D. Putirka and Frank J. Tepley III, editors

2008, i-xiv + 674 pages. ISBN 0-939950-83-9; ISBN13 978-0-939950-83-6

Description

Minerals are intrinsically resistant to the processes that homogenize silicate liquids—their compositions thus yield an archive of volcanic and magmatic processes that are invisible at the whole rock scale. New experiments, and recent advances in micro-analytical techniques open a new realm of detail regarding the mineralogical record; this volume summarizes some of this progress. The alliance of the sub-fields reviewed in this volume bear upon fundamental issues of volcanology: At what depths are eruptions triggered, and over what time scales? Where and why do magmas coalesce before ascent? If magmas stagnate for thousands of years, what forces are responsible for initiating final ascent, or the degassing processes that accelerate upward motion? To the extent that we can answer these questions, we move towards formulating tests of mechanistic models of volcanic eruptions (e.g., Wilson, 1980; Slezin, 2003; Scandone et al., 2007), and hypotheses of the tectonic controls on magma transport (e.g., ten Brink and Brocher, 1987; Takada, 1994; Putirka and Busby, 2007). Our goal, in part, is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems and the processes that shape them; we also hope that this work will spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems.

Our review begins by tracing the origins of mineral grains, and methods to estimate pressures (P) and temperatures (T) of crystallization. Hammer shows how “dynamic” experiments (conducted with varying P or T) yield important insights into crystal growth. Chapters by Putirka, Anderson, and Blundy and Cashman review various igneous geothermometers and geobarometers and introduce new calibrations. Among these chapters are many familiar models involving olivine, amphibole, feldspar, pyroxene, and spinel. Blundy and Cashman introduce new methods based on phase equilibria, and in another chapter, Hansteen and Klügel review P estimation based on densities of entrapped fluids and appropriate equations of state. Rutherford’s chapter returns to the issue of disequilibrium, with a review of methods to estimate magma ascent rates, and a summary of results.

Our volume then moves to a review of melt inclusions. Kent shows how pre-mixed magma compositions can be preserved as inclusions, providing a window into pre-eruptive conditions. Métrich and Wallace review the volatile contents in basaltic melt inclusions and “magma degassing paths”. Such methods rely upon vapor saturation pressures, which are derived from experimentally calibrated models. Chapters by Moore and Blundy and Cashman test two of the most important models, by Newman and Lowenstern (2002) (VolatileCalc) and Papale et al. (2006). Moore provides a guide to the appropriate use of these models, and their respective errors.

The next four chapters document insights obtained from isotopic studies and diffusion profiles. Ramos and Tepley review developments of micro-analytical isotope measurements, which now have the potential to elucidate even the most cryptic of open system behaviors. Cooper and Reid examine the time scales for such processes through U-series age dating techniques, and Bindeman reviews oxygen isotopes and their uses as tracers of both magmas and crystals. Costa then reviews yet another means to estimate the rates of magmatic processes, using mineral diffusion profiles, with important implications for magma processing.

In the next two chapters, Streck reviews an array of imaging methods and mineral textures, and their potential for disentangling mixed magmas, and Armienti takes a new look at the analysis of crystal size distributions (CSD), with applications to Mt. Etna. Our volume concludes with a chapter by Bachmann and Bergantz summarizing compositional zonations and a review of the thermal and compositional forces that drive open system behavior.

Finally, descriptions of many of the most common analytical approaches are also reviewed within these chapters. Analytical topics include: secondary ion mass spectrometry (Blundy and Cashman; Kent); electron microprobe (Blundy and Cashman; Kent; Métrich and Wallace; laser ablation ICP-MS (Kent; Ramos and Tepley); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Moore; Métrich and Wallace); microsampling and isotope mass spectrometry (Ramos and Tepley); U-series measurement techniques (Cooper and Reid); Nomarski differential interference contrasts (Streck); micro-Raman spectroscopy (Métrich and Wallace); back-scattered electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence (Blundy and Cashman).

As noted, our hope is that integrated studies can bring us closer to understanding how volcanic systems evolve and why eruptions occur. Our primary goal is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems; we also hope that this review might spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems.

Keith D. Putirka, Fresno, California, USA
Frank J. Tepley, III, Corallis, Oregon, USA
November, 2008

REFERENCES

• Newman S, Lowenstern JB (2002) VolatileCalc: a silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for Excel. Comp Geosci 28:597-604
• Papale P, Moretti R, Barbato D (2006) The compositional dependence of the saturation surface of H2O+CO2 fluids in silicate melts. Chem Geol 229:78-95
• Putirka KD, Busby CJ (2007) The tectonic significance of high-K2O volcanism in the Sierra Nevada, California. Geology 35:923-926
• Scandone R, Cashman KV, Malone SD (2007) Magma supply, magma ascent and the style of volcanic eruptions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 253:513-529
• Slezin YB (2003) The mechanism of volcanic eruptions (a steady state approach). J Volc Geoth Res 122:7-50
• Sorby HC (1858) On the microscopic structures of crystals, indicating the origin of minerals and rocks. Geol Soc London Q J 14:453-500
• Takada, A (1994) The influence of regional stress and magmatic input on styles of monogenetic and polygenetic volcanism. J Geophys Res 99:13563-13573
• ten Brink US, Brocher TM (1987) Multichannel seismic evidence for a subcrustal intrusive complex under Oahu and a model of Hawaiian volcanism. J Geophys Res 92:13687-13707
• Wilson L (1980) Relationships between pressure, volatile content and ejecta velocity in three types of volcanic explosion. J Volc Geoth Res 8:297-313

Table of Contents